Informatics Publishing Limited

G. N. Singh

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G. N. Singh

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G. N. Singh

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Priyanka Singh , Meenakshi Bajpai , Om Prakash , Ritu Tiwari , S. C. Mathur , R. M. Singh , G. N. Singh

Abstract

Objective: To develop a simple, precise and quantitative High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic (HPTLC) method for the determination of cinnamaldehyde in Cinnnamomum zeylanicum bark powder. Materials and Method: Cinnamaldehyde content of bark powder of Cinnnamomum zeylanicum, were determined using mobile phase, Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid, 19:1:0.1 (v/v). Instrument with Camag Linomat V and Camag TLC Scanner 3 was used. Results: HPTLC method was developed for the determination of cinnamaldehyde by scanning the plates at 295nm. Conclusion: Proposed HPTLC method was simple, accurate, precise, economic and can be utilized for the routine analysis and quantitative determination of cinnamaldehyde from C. zeylanicum.

Keywords

Cinnnamomum zeylanicum, Cinnamaldehyde, Camag TLC Scanner 3, Camag Linomat V

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P. K. Saini ¹, C. L. Jain ², R. M. Singh ¹, S. C. Mathur ¹, G. N. Singh ¹

Affiliations
1 Research and Development Division, Central Indian Pharmacopoeia Laboratory, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Govt. of India, Ministry of Health & FamilyWelfare, Sector-23, Rajnagar, Ghaziabad-201002, IN
2 Department of Chemistry, M. M. H. College, Ghaziabad (U.P.), IN

Abstract

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed for the determination of Artemisinin in Artemisia annua Herb. The HPLC separation was carried out in isocratic mode using C18, sunfire column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm particle size) with a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile : water (85:15 v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The detection was monitored at 216 nm. The method validation parameters showed good results for linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, and in recovery studies. The calibration curve for Artemisinin was found linear from the range of 500 to 1200 μg/ml. The interday and intraday studies (relative standard deviation) was obtained within the limits. The proposed HPLC method is precise, accurate and rapid for determination of Artemisinin in Artemisia annua Herb.

Keywords

Artemisinin, HPLC, Artemisia Annua Herb.

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P. K. Saini ¹, C. L. Jain ², R. M. Singh ¹, S. C. Mathur ¹, G. N. Singh ¹, M. Naslam ³

Affiliations
1 Research and Development Division, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Govt. of India, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Sector-23, Rajnagar, Ghaziabad-201002, IN
2 Department of Chemistry, M. M. H. College, Ghaziabad (U.P.), IN
3 Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi- 110 062, IN

Abstract

A simple, sensitive, precise and rapid high performance thin layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method has been developed for the quantitative estimation of abacavir sulphate and lamivudine in tablet dosage form. Abacavir sulphate and lamivudine were chromatographed on silica Gel 60 GF-254 TLC plate. The solvent system selected was methanol:acetone:n-butyl acetate in the ratio of 1:1:2 (v/v/v) and scanning was carried out in the absorbance mode at 284 nm. The spots were found compact for abacavir sulphate with Rf value of 0.58 and for lamivudine with Rf value of 0.35. Linearity of abacavir sulphate and lamivudine were in the range of 240-1200 ng/spot and 120-600 ng/spot, respectively with acceptable value of correlation coefficient. The method was validated for accuracy, precision, robustness and recovery studies. The limit of detection and quantification for abacavir sulphate were obtained 0.691 and 2.093 ng/spot, respectively, while for lamivudine 1.114 and 3.376 ng/spot, respectively. The suitability of this HPTLC method for quantitative determination of abacavir sulphate and lamivudine was proved by validation in accordance with the ICH guidelines. The developed method can be successfully applied in the routine analysis of commercial pharmaceutical tablets.

Keywords

Abacavir Sulphate, Lamivudine, HPTLC, Method Development and Validation.

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P. K. Saini ¹, R. M. Singh ¹, C. L. Jain ², S. C. Mathur ¹, G. N. Singh ¹

Affiliations
1 Research and Development Division, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Govt. of India, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Sector-23, Rajnagar, Ghaziabad-201002, (U.P.), IN
2 Department of Chemistry, M. M. H. College Ghaziabad-201001, (U.P.), IN

Abstract

A simple, precise, rapid, accurate and economic high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed for the estimation of Efavirenz in bulk and its tablet dosage forms. A sunfire C₁₈ column was used for the determination of efavirenz using methanol and acetonitrile as mobile phase in the ratio of 7:3 v/v, at ambient temperature and the detector was set at 249 nm. The Linearity of efavirenz was found in the range of 10-400 μg/ml with acceptable value of correlation coefficient 0.9997. The method was validated for accuracy, precision, robustness and recovery studies. The recovery of the drug was found to be 99.89%, relative standard deviation was found to be less than 2% for precession studies and method was found to be robust with the varying condition of flow rate (±10%), wavelength of detection (±5nm), column oven temperature (±5°C). The suitability of the developed HPLC method for quantitative determination of efavirenz was proved by validation in accordance with the ICH guidelines. The developed method can be successfully applied in the routine analysis of commercial pharmaceutical tablets.

Keywords

Efavirenz, HPLC, Method Development and Validation.

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A. Chauhan ¹, P. K. Arora ², A. Yadav ², R. M. Singh ², D. K. Sharma ², S. C. Mathur ², G. N. Singh ²

Affiliations
1 Indian Pharmacopoeial Laboratory, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt, of India, Sector -23, Rajnagar, Ghaziabad - 201002, IN
2 Indian Pharmacopoeial Laboratory, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt, of India, Sector -23, Rajnagar, Ghaziabad- 201002, IN

Abstract

A simple, selective, precise and sensitive high performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method has been developed and validated for the analysis of ondansetron hydrochloride both in bulk drug and in tablet dosage forms. The separation was performed on pre-coated silica gel 60 GF²⁵⁴ plates using methanol:triethylamine:glacial acetic acid (9.5:0.5:0.1, v/v/v) as mobile phase. Densitometric analysis was performed in reflectance-absorbance mode at 309 nm. The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plot showed good linear relationship with R² = 0.998 ± 0.00047 in the range of 300-1100 ng spot^-1. The minimum amount of ondansetron hydrochloride that could be detected and quantified was 54.60 and 165.46 ng spot^-1 respectively. The mean retardation factor (R_f) for ondansetron hydrochloride was found to be 0.77 ± 0.01. The developed method was validated according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines for specificity, linearity, range, accuracy, precision, detection limit, quantitation limit and robustness etc.

Keywords

Ondansetron Hydrochloride, HPTLC, Method Validation.

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Satish Mittal ¹, G. N. Singh ²

Affiliations
1 University Computer Centre, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, IN
2 Department of Computer Science, SD College, Lalgaon, Rewa (MP), IN

Abstract

In this paper performance comparisons of mobile ad hoc network's protocol with its quality of service factors has been measured. It is seen that mobile ad hoc networks will be an integral part of next generation networks because of its flexibility, infrastructure less nature, ease of maintenance, auto configuration, self administration capabilities, and costs effectiveness. This research paper shows comparison within mobile ad hoc networks' routing protocols from reactive, proactive and hybrid categories. We comprehensively analyzed the results of simulation for mobile ad hoc routing protocols over the performance metrics of packet delivery ratio, end to end delay, media access delay and throughput for optimized link state routing, temporary ordered routing algorithm and ad hoc on demand distance vector protocol. In mobile ad hoc networks, mobile nodes must collaborate with each other in order to interconnect, organize the dynamic topology as mobility cause route change and establish communication over wireless links. Our simulation results show the lead of proactive over reactive and hybrid protocols in routing traffic for dynamic changing topology. Proactive protocol optimized link state routing, a protocol for building link tables for ad-hoc networks, can transmit traffic more rapidly though involve less processing speed in packet forwarding.

Keywords

MANET, Mobility, Routing Protocol, Wireless.

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Gagandeep Singh Brar ¹, G. N. Singh ², Anupam Bhatia ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Computer Science, D.A.V. Colege, Sector 10, Chandigarh, Punjab, IN
2 Department of Computer Science, SD College, Lalgaon, Rewa (MP),, IN
3 Department of Computer Science, Kurukshetra University, Regional Centre, Jind (Haryana), IN

Abstract

TCP's bidirectional traffic causes self-interference in contention-based wireless links as in IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs and results in the loss of TCP data segments and ACKs. The fast-recovery algorithm is the basis for congestion control in most TCP enhancements proposed to address wireless network characteristics. However we show in this paper, that fast-recovery worsens performance during self-interference by causing deadlock situations that only terminate with a timeout. Both Reno and New Reno are evaluated in comparison to the lesser-optimized TCP-Tahoe to demonstrate the degradation in performance during fast-recovery. The less-optimized TCP-Tahoe that forgets all outstanding packets soon after fast-retransmit, outperforms TCP-Reno with an 80% gain in throughput. For the minrto_ parameter set to 1 second, Tahoe outperforms New Reno by a significant margin. A key contribution in this paper is the visualization of TCP dynamics that capture MAC layer collisions due to self-interference, and the protocols' behavior during congestion control. The paper demonstrates the disadvantages of combined error and flow control and makes a sound case for cross-layer awareness in transport protocols over wireless networks.

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P. Mukhopadhyay ¹, G. N. Singh ², A. Bandyopadhyay ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Mathematics, Asansol Engineering College, Asansol- 713305, IN
2 Department of Applied Mathematics, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad-826004, IN

Abstract

Estimating the proportion of population carrying some sensitive character has always been a challenge to the survey statisticians because exposure of such character ( tax evasion, carrying venereal disease or addiction to drugs etc.) may lead to social disapproval and other serious problems of an individual. Warner's Method (S.L.Warner, 1965) is the pioneering one to asses the proportion of population carrying sensitive character usually denoted by A . He deployed the random response technique. The method is innovative but highly imprecise for firstly, it assumes that all responses are always true which is not very pragmatic and secondly, due to loss of information since all 'yes' responses are not given against the possession of sensitive character but also against the innocuous question as well. The next improvement came following by the work of Simmons (W.R Simmons, 1967), B.G. Greenberg et al. with the introduction of unrelated question. In the present paper attempt has been taken to include the average dishonest response factor and to obtain the modified expressions for the proportion of sensitive character.

Keywords

Sensitive Character, Random Response, Dishonest Response, Unrelated Question, Interpolation.

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